POD: Finding Frosty
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The fungus Moniliophthora roreri causes frosty pod rot, a disease that has decimated cacao plantations through much of the Americas. Because M. roreri belongs to a group of fungi that produces mushrooms -- the fruit of fungal sex -- many researchers and cacao breeders believed the fungus reproduced sexually.
Cocoa is one of the few major crops produced almost entirely by small farms, and the instability of cocoa prices often makes fungicides a risky investment for growers. Instead, many growers opt to regularly monitor their crop for symptoms of frosty pod rot, burying pods that display the telltale dark lesions or white dusting to prevent further dispersal of fungal spores.
Over the last 60 years, the disease has spread -- likely through unwitting transportation of infected pods -- through much of South America, all of Central America and into Mexico. Frosty pod rot has dropped cocoa yields in some areas by up to 100 percent, forcing many growers to abandon their plantations altogether. Brazil is the only cocoa-producing country in the continental Americas untouched by frosty pod rot, whose pernicious effects have spurred the majority of global cacao production to relocate to West Africa. These regions remain highly vulnerable to the disease, Díaz-Valderrama said.
The study also shows that what some researchers believed to be different varieties of the fungus are actually genetic variations in the two mating types. The findings open the door for breeding programs to investigate which mating type is more virulent and possibly develop resistant cacao cultivars.
Moniliophthora roreri lurks in most cacao-growing countries of Central and South America. This fungus causes \"frosty pod rot,\" a disease that can destroy as much as 90 percent of the beans from which cocoa, cocoa butter, and ultimately chocolate are made. Growers control frosty pod rot by planting cacao tree cultivars that can tolerate the disease. However, the wily fungus has shown signs of changing its tactics: During the past 15 years, frosty pod rot has infected many cacao varieties once considered highly tolerant to it.
The team examined 172 specimens of frosty pod rot fungus from Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and other Latin American countries. Among the findings reported in the August 2015 issue of Frontiers in Microbiology:
Johnson, E.S., Rutherford, M.A., Edgington, S., Flood, J., Crozier, J., Cafá, G., Buddie, A.G., Offord, L., Elliott, S.M. and Christie, K.V. (2017) First report of Moniliophthora roreri causing frosty pod rot on Theobroma cacao in Jamaica. New Disease Reports 36(2).
Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), the source of chocolate, is one of the most important commodity products worldwide that helps improve the economic livelihood of farmers. Diseases like frosty pod rot caused by Moniliophthora roreri and witches' broom caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa limit the cacao productivity, this can be solved by using resistant varieties. In the current study, we sequenced 229 cacao accessions using genotyping-by-sequencing to examine the genetic diversity and population structure employing 9,003 and 8,131 single nucleotide polymorphisms recovered by mapping against two cacao genomes (Criollo B97-61/B2 v2 and Matina 1-6 v1.1). In the phenotypic evaluation, three promising accessions for productivity and 10 with good tolerance to the frosty pod rot and witches' broom diseases were found. A genome-wide association study was performed on 102 accessions, discovering two genes associated with productivity and seven to disease resistance. The results enriched the knowledge of the genetic regions associated with important cacao traits that can have significant implications for conservation and breeding strategies like marker-assisted selection.
More than five years after Jamaica committed to spend $150 million to eradicate the deadly frosty pod rot disease over three years, the infestation has been brought down to a manageable level, according to the agriculture ministry.
According to the chief plant quarantine/produce inspector, like Colombia, where the frosty pod has been around for at least 100 years, Jamaica is already implementing strategies to keep its cocoa production levels on the increase.
We've seen an increased demand for many of our products. We know that you may be having trouble finding some of our products and we are diligently working to ensure our production and inventory keep pace with the heightened demand.
Homemade frozen dog treats otherwise known as Frosty Paws Recipe \",\"thumbnailUrl\":[\"https:\\/\\/mediavine-res.cloudinary.com\\/video\\/upload\\/s--bzFSTe6G--\\/ar_16:9,c_fill,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto\\/v1530551764\\/qvhg758m7ahcmhj5ftiz.jpg\",\"https:\\/\\/mediavine-res.cloudinary.com\\/video\\/upload\\/s--8firgAtf--\\/ar_4:3,c_fill,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto\\/v1530551764\\/qvhg758m7ahcmhj5ftiz.jpg\",\"https:\\/\\/mediavine-res.cloudinary.com\\/video\\/upload\\/s--P8NQoHrv--\\/ar_1:1,c_fill,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto\\/v1530551764\\/qvhg758m7ahcmhj5ftiz.jpg\"],\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/mediavine-res.cloudinary.com\\/video\\/upload\\/qvhg758m7ahcmhj5ftiz.mp4\",\"uploadDate\":\"2022-02-01T00:49:59+00:00\"},\"keywords\":\"Frozen Dog Treats, Homemade Frosty Paws \",\"nutrition\":{\"@type\":\"NutritionInformation\",\"calories\":\"63 calories\",\"carbohydrateContent\":\"9 grams carbohydrates\",\"cholesterolContent\":\"5 milligrams cholesterol\",\"fatContent\":\"1 grams fat\",\"fiberContent\":\"0 grams fiber\",\"proteinContent\":\"4 grams protein\",\"saturatedFatContent\":\"1 grams saturated fat\",\"servingSize\":\"1\",\"sodiumContent\":\"55 grams sodium\",\"sugarContent\":\"7 grams sugar\",\"transFatContent\":\"0 grams trans fat\",\"unsaturatedFatContent\":\"1 grams unsaturated fat\"},\"aggregateRating\":{\"@type\":\"AggregateRating\",\"ratingValue\":\"4.4\",\"reviewCount\":13},\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/stayingclosetohome.com\\/how-to-make-frosty-paws-or-homemade-frozen-dog-treats\\/\"} Frosty Paws RecipeYield: 24 small muffinPrep Time: 10 minutes Additional Time: 1 hour 30 minutes Total Time: 1 hour 40 minutes Homemade frozen dog treats otherwise known as Frosty Paws Recipe
I love the frost flowers. I have this vague memory of finding some way back when. Will be on the lookout for them for sure. Loved the dog bombers! Chet did a good job when he discovered Curtis for you. Happy Thanksgiving!
Minister of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries, Hon Karl Samuda has withdrawn the Ministerial Order for the Frosty Pod Rot of Cocoa Disease (Moniliophthora roreri) that was issued in late September under Section 3 of the Plants Quarantine Act 1993.The lifting of the Order follows the recommendation by the Plant Quarantine/Produce Inspection Branch of the Ministry to withdraw the Order for the entire island. The recommendation is consistent with the findings from the delimiting survey report, which was conducted by the Plant Health Coordinating Committee.Whilst the recommendation was made for the Order to be withdrawn, the long term management strategy for containment and eradication which is being led by the Cocoa Industry Board (CIB) as the regulatory body authorized under the Cocoa Industry Board Act, will be continued. This will allow for the continued harvesting and movement of cocoa beans in designated areas under prescribed protocol.
Earlier this week, we had a foggy and frosty day. When the clouds finally started to thin, I popped across town to Lincoln Creek Prairie to see if I could get some photographs of the frost. Here are a few images I came back with.
Frost is a smooth cool peppermint inhale blended with a frosty spearmint with a pleasant mid aroma. The STLTH pods are very small and convenient to use. Specifically crafted range of flavors, designed specifically for STLTH,
STLTH Vape Pods provide a smooth and flavorful experience with their STLTH Frost flavour. A cool, refreshing peppermint inhale mixes gently with cool spearmint exhale to create a frosty taste like no other. STLTH Frost vaporizes smoothly and evenly, offering an optimal balance between menthol and mint flavours. Enjoy the perfect mix of peppermint and spearmint with STLTH Vape Pods and experience the ultimate vaping satisfaction! 153554b96e
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